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Status: OperationalVersion: 4.2.0
System Design
OverviewTheory lessonsHLDLLD
All SeriesSeries
Distributed Systems
All System Design modules

Module 3 · Complex Systems

Distributed Systems Mechanics & Reliability

The core mechanics of distributed computing: Raft consensus, physical clock drift vs TrueTime, distributed locks with fencing tokens, Saga transactions, idempotency, and multi-region disaster recovery.

6 lessons available·160 minutes
Start module

Lesson plan

What you will learn

01Idempotency & Safe RetriesExplore Stripe-style idempotency key architectures, deduplication caches, exponential backoff with Full Jitter, and circuit breaker state transitions (Resilience4j). 25 min02Time, Clocks & Ordering in Distributed SystemsWhy physical clocks cannot be trusted in distributed systems, NTP synchronization skew, Google Spanner’s TrueTime API with atomic clocks, Lamport Timestamps, and Vector Clocks. 25 min03Distributed Consensus: Raft & PaxosUnderstand State Machine Replication (SMR), Raft leader election, randomized election timeouts, log replication safety invariants, and joint consensus cluster membership changes. 30 min04Distributed Locking & Monotonic FencingInvestigate why distributed locks fail under GC pauses and network delays, examine the Kleppmann-Sanfilippo Redlock debate, and implement fencing tokens correctly. 25 min05Distributed Transactions: 2PC, Saga & Transactional OutboxCompare Two-Phase Commit (2PC) blocking coordinators with the Saga pattern (Choreography vs Orchestration), and solve the dual-write problem with Transactional Outbox and CDC. 30 min06Disaster Recovery & Multi-Region TopologiesEvaluate Active-Passive vs Active-Active multi-region architectures, compute RPO and RTO bounds, implement quorum fencing, and resolve data divergence across regional partitions. 25 min

Module outcome

Implement atomic state machine replication, resolve distributed split-brain scenarios, execute zero-data-loss multi-region failovers, and guarantee exactly-once processing semantics.

Prerequisite

Module 1 (Foundations) and Module 2 (Core Infrastructure).

Mental model

In a distributed system, partial failure is not an exception; it is the constant operating environment. You cannot trust physical time, single-point locks, or synchronous network acknowledgements.

Module challenge

Fault-Tolerant Distributed Transaction Coordinator

Design an idempotent, multi-service checkout workflow that orchestrates Payment, Inventory, and Order fulfillment across distributed nodes with compensating Saga steps and outbox CDC.

  • Formulate the Saga compensating transaction state machine with failure recovery rules.
  • Prove distributed lock correctness using monotonically increasing fencing tokens.
  • Calculate RPO (Recovery Point Objective) and RTO (Recovery Time Objective) under cross-region failover.

Course baseline

System Design 2026.1

Reviewed 2026-09-14

Previous module Core Infrastructure Building BlocksNext moduleHigh-Level Design (HLD) Real-World Case Studies