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Status: OperationalVersion: 4.2.0
System Design
OverviewTheory lessonsHLDLLD
All SeriesSeries
Distributed Systems
System Design Mastery · 2026 edition

Understand the physics of distributed systems.

Start with physical limits and capacity reasoning, then advance through infrastructure, distributed-system mechanics, HLD case studies, LLD, and a repeatable interview method.

Continue learningInteractive visualizers
Curriculum
7 modules
Interactive labs
20 visualizers
Full roadmap
63 lessons
Interview practice
Playbook + tools
Visual State Machines

20 Interactive Architecture Visualizers

Step through live packet routing, failover mechanisms, consensus protocols, and caching topologies with real-time state changes.

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Traffic & Edge

Load Balancing

Route requests across healthy servers and observe failover in action.

Round Robin RoutingSession Persistence (Sticky Sessions)Health Checks & Failover
Launch labTheory
Traffic & Edge

Content Delivery Network

Follow requests from users to nearby edge caches and the origin.

Edge Cache Hit vs MissGeographical Routing (Geo-DNS)Static asset caching
Launch labTheory
Traffic & Edge

Rate Limiting

Send requests through a token bucket and inspect accepted and rejected traffic.

Token Bucket AlgorithmLeaky Bucket / Fixed Window CounterSliding Window Log / Counter
Launch labTheory
Data & Storage

Caching Strategies

Compare cache hits, misses, eviction, and database fallbacks.

Cache-Aside (Lazy Loading)Read-Through & Write-Through CachingCache Eviction (LRU, LFU, FIFO)
Launch labTheory
Data & Storage

Database Sharding

Distribute records across shards and see how a shard key routes queries.

Horizontal vs Vertical ScalingHash-based / Key-based ShardingRange-based & Directory-based Sharding
Launch labTheory
Data & Storage

Consistent Hashing

Add and remove servers while tracking the small set of remapped keys.

Hash Ring TopologyClockwise Server LookupVirtual Nodes for Load Balancing
Launch labTheory
Data & Storage

Database Replication

Route writes to a primary and observe replication lag across read replicas.

Synchronous vs Asynchronous ReplicationRead Scaling & FailoverReplication Lag Handling
Launch labTheory
Messaging & Services

Message Queues

Publish jobs, build a backlog, and scale consumers to drain the queue.

Producer-Consumer PatternMessage Durability & AcknowledgmentDecoupled Service Scaling
Launch labTheory
Messaging & Services

Microservices & Circuit Breaker

Trigger failures and follow a circuit breaker through closed, open, and half-open states.

API Gateway RoutingClosed, Open & Half-Open StatesFallback Responses
Launch labTheory
Messaging & Services

Event-Driven Architecture

Publish events and watch independent subscribers process the stream.

Publish-Subscribe PatternDecoupled Service ChoreographyMessage Brokers & Event Logs
Launch labTheory
Distributed Systems

CAP Theorem

Create a network partition and compare CP and AP system behavior.

Network PartitionsLinearizable Consistency (CP)High Availability (AP)
Launch labTheory
Distributed Systems

Leader Election

Observe heartbeats, timeouts, voting, and a new leader taking control.

Consensus Algorithms (Raft, Paxos)Heartbeats & Follower TimeoutsTerms & Majority Voting
Launch labTheory
Traffic & Edge

Capacity Planning

Change demand and capacity to see saturation, queue growth, and safe headroom.

Utilization and saturationQueueing delayBurst headroom
Launch labTheory
Traffic & Edge

Retries, Backoff & Jitter

Adjust retry budgets and observe how failures amplify downstream traffic.

Retry budgetsExponential backoffJitter
Launch labTheory
Distributed Systems

Quorums & Consistency

Tune read and write quorums and inspect overlap, latency, and availability.

Read quorumWrite quorumReplica overlap
Launch labTheory
Messaging & Services

Backpressure & Load Shedding

Compare arrival and service rates while watching backlog and overload grow.

Arrival versus service rateBounded queuesLoad shedding
Launch labTheory
Distributed Systems

Multi-region Failover

Change replication lag and test whether regional failover meets the declared RPO.

Recovery point objectiveRecovery time objectiveReplication lag
Launch labTheory
Traffic & Edge

SLOs & Error Budgets

Compare measured availability with a target and calculate the remaining error budget.

Service-level indicatorsService-level objectivesError budgets
Launch labTheory
Messaging & Services

Sagas & Transactional Outbox

Inject a saga failure and count the compensations required for completed steps.

Local transactionsCompensating actionsTransactional outbox
Launch labTheory
Data & Storage

Hot-key Mitigation

Split a dominant key across buckets and observe its maximum per-owner traffic share.

Workload skewKey bucketingRequest coalescing
Launch labTheory

Academic & production standards

Curriculum grounded in primary literature

Every lesson is cross-verified against established distributed-systems papers, official specifications, and production postmortems.

Designing Data-Intensive Applications (Martin Kleppmann)
Site Reliability Engineering & The Site Reliability Workbook (Google SRE)
Amazon Dynamo: Amazon’s Highly Available Key-value Store (DeCandia et al.)
In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm - Raft (Ongaro & Ousterhout)
The Tail at Scale (Jeffrey Dean & Luiz André Barroso)
Universal Scalability Law (Neil J. Gunther)

Put the framework to work

Practice a complete 45-minute system design

Move from requirements and estimates to APIs, data models, failure paths, and explicit trade-offs in one guided workflow.

Open interview playbook